The Debate On Legalizing Same Sex Marriage - 1251 Words

Introduction Marriage also known as matrimony is the process in which two people legally or formally recognize the love between a man and woman or in some jurisdictions, two people of the same sex (Physcology Today , 2015 ). Marriage is an important part of our society. The emotional bond between two lovers is the strongest bond and most sacred (Anderson, 2013 ). However there are people who get left out because their partner is not of the same gender as they are. The debate on legalising same sex marriage is an important issue as it surrounds its concern on both the human rights portion as well as the moral rights. Many people claim that ‘non-heterosexuality is unnatural’ (Natural Manhood , 2012 ). Gay marriage is one of the most controversial issues in Australia and nationwide. However homosexual relationships are slowly gaining acceptance, as homosexuals themselves fight for their right to marry. Whilst some people believe that the legalization of gay marriage will have a negativ e impact on the society, many gay activists claim that â€Å"it is against basic civil rights to prohibit them from marrying† (Physcology Today , 2015 ). This investigation proposes to explore Same-marriage. Research from internet based resources such as articles, reports, and primary data by conducting interviews and surveys will provide evidence to support the conclusion. Paragraph 1- Where is it legalised outside Australia and why? Process of legalising it outside Australia? Twenty countiesShow MoreRelatedGay Marriage Essay1744 Words   |  7 Pages 02/02/2012 Legalizing same-sex marriage has been a debate going on for quite some time. The recognition of such marriages is a civil rights, political, social, moral, and religious issue in many nations. Since 2001, ten countries have begun allowing same-sex couples to marry nationwide. In the United States the federal government does not recognize same-sex marriage, but such marriages are recognized by some individual states. Proposition 8 in NovemberRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legal?778 Words   |  3 PagesShould Gay Marriage Be Legal? â€Å"†¦I now pronounce you husband and wife†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One would normally hear this when attending a wedding. In tradition marriage has been between one male and one female who love each other. But how would one feel if they heard â€Å"I now pronounce you groom and groom† or how about â€Å"†¦bride and bride...†? In the last 50 years the number of same-sex couples has increased. The on-going argument between the government and the people is â€Å"Should gay marriage be legal?† Although some sayRead MoreAnalysis of Koppelmans Arguement in Support of Same Sex Marriage948 Words   |  4 Pagesfew decades, the question of allowing for same-sex marriage is a recurring topic of controversy. In the houses of same-sex couples, the need for equal rights is of great importance. Currently, many states ban the marriage of same-sex couples and do not view a marriage between same-sex couples as an official marriage. These states quote the Constitutional defin ition of marriage as a union between a man and a woman. Therefore, with this definition, the marriage of a man and a man or a woman and a womanRead MoreShould Marriage for Same Sex Couples be Legal in United States?1220 Words   |  5 PagesMarriage as generally define is the union between one man and one woman. However a recent debate over same-sex marriage has stirred a nationwide debate reverberating in the halls of Congress, at the White House, in dozens of state courtrooms and legislatures, and is also becoming a speech-making topic for election campaigns at both the national and state levels. As the debate for this controversial topic rages on, the American religious community view on the topic remains deeply divided over theRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesSame sex marriage Same sex marriage also known as gay marriage is the union between two of the same gender having all legal rights allotted to this agreement in a given jurisdiction. According to opponents of same sex marriages such unions are more of abandonment of gender since one cannot be in the said union and still believe gender is important. Supporters of same sex marriage however refer to same sex unions as marriage equality. Same sex marriages challenge the traditional meaning of marriageRead MoreMarriage : A Right Or Privilege?1210 Words   |  5 PagesMarriage: A Right or Privilege? Marriage is a well known social norm that is practiced in most societies. In many societies, marriage is recognized as the legal bond between one man and one woman, especially in the United States. However, beginning popularity in the 21st century, the debate on same-sex marriage has grown exponentially. Many people argue that by denying same-sex couples the right to marry they are taking away their fundamental rights as citizens. There are also some arguments thatRead MoreGeorge Chauncey, Why Marriage?1245 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Chauncey, Why Marriage?: The History Shaping Today s Debate over Gay Equality, 2004 Nisha Chittal, Judges Chip Away at Florida Gay Marriage Ban, msnbc.com, July 26, 2014 Jeffrey M. Jones, Same-Sex Marriage Support Solidifies Above 50% in U.S., Gallup.com, May 13, 2013 Stonewall Rebellion, www.nytimes.com, Apr. 10, 2009 Goldberg, Carey (February 10, 2000). Vermont Panel Shies From Gay Marriage. New York Times. Retrieved July 13, 2013. https://www.isidewith.com/poll/965633 Read MoreThe Issue of Gay Marriages918 Words   |  4 PagesGay marriage has come to be a pressing topic in the contemporary society as more and more individuals get actively involved in discussing it. Individuals who oppose same-sex marriage are typically inclined to bring on a deontological argument or to say that legalizing the act might bring on other issues. In contrast, people who support gay marriages focus on matters related to human rights and justice. The arguments generated by each of the sides are certainly thought-provoking and it is very difficultRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage in India1534 Words   |  6 PagesSame sex marriage in India Introduction Same-sex marriage is one of the most debated social topics in the world today especially with regards to equality and rights of such couples. There are a few countries that provide rights of full civil marriage to same-sex couples such as Belgium and Canada (Graff, 2004). Some other countries such as South Africa, Australia, and France amongst others provide such couples with civil union rights or legal partnership rights (Graff, 2004). The debate on whetherRead MoreShould Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized? Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pagesconstantly is legalizing same sex marriage. Since same sex marriage has become a popular topic that everyone has to deal with, it has provoked many problems around the world. People have different aspects stating that gay marriage has pros and cons. Fortunately, even though everyone constantly can not stop talking about gay marriage, it keeps spreading throughout the world and causes more problems day after day. In an article titled Supreme Court rule s in Favor of Same-Sex Marriage Nationwide, it

Gi Jane Essay - 1135 Words

The film G.I. Jane takes place in the 1990s and shows discrimination of a women in the United States Navy. Lieutenant Jordan O Neal played by Demi Moore, is a naval intelligence officer who has ambitions of moving beyond her military desk job, to become a member of the Navy Seal. Thanks to the political maneuvering of a female senator, O Neal becomes the first female candidate for the Navy Seals. The Seals are the militarys elite Special Forces team. O Neal becomes the guinea pig of senator Lillian DeHaven in this film. DeHaven bullies the Navy into taking ONeal as a Seal recruit in order to become the first female member of the Navy Seal. ONeal is put through a series of tests and her main obstacle is Master Chief John†¦show more content†¦But non of her advesiariers counted on ONeal singular strength. Even when she becomes fodder for compromising politicians who betray her, she refuses to surrender. Jordan ONeal is a Navy Veteran who resents not being allowed int o combat during the Gulf War. Now there is a move under way for full female equality in the fighting forces. One quarter of U.S. Navy jobs are still off limits to women still today. On April 28, 1993 Secretary of Defense Les Aspin announced a policy to open up nurse specialists and assignments to women in the armed forces. The policy means that women will no longer be excluded from military specialists simpily because the jobs are dangerous. It opened up combat aircraft to women. It instructed the Navy to open additional ships to women. In November Congress signed legislation repealing the law barring women from serving on combat ships. In the film Senator Dehaven was pushing the military to accept females in all possibiile military positions. In contemporary society, women are already now accepted into combat situations and previously all-male military academies. Of the nearly 260,000 combat and combat support positions opened to women in 1994 more than half were in the N avy. Still, the Navy has the highest percentage of non-restricted jobs afterShow MoreRelated Gi Jane Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pages The film G.I. Jane takes place in the 1990’s and shows discrimination of a women in the United States Navy. Lieutenant Jordan O’ Neal played by Demi Moore, is a naval intelligence officer who has ambitions of moving beyond her military desk job, to become a member of the Navy Seal. Thanks to the political maneuvering of a female senator, O’ Neal becomes the first female candidate for the Navy Seals. The Seal’s are the military’s elite Special Forces team. O’ Neal becomes the guinea pig of senatorRead More Personal Narrative - I Am GI Jane Essay1823 Words   |  8 PagesI Am GI Jane â€Å"Go! Go! Go!† yelled Drill Sergeant Saunders. I must have fallen asleep for a few seconds because I did not hear him give the order to start crawling. I opened my eyes to all three drill sergeants surrounding me and screaming at the top of their lungs. In my mind I kept asking myself, Why did I join the U.S. Army? â€Å"Get the hell off of that wall!† exclaimed Drill Sergeant Hill. He continued to degrade me by yelling, You will amount to nothing if you dont getRead MoreJane Goodall: The Primatologist of Our Time Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesApril 3, 1934 a leader was born. A leader by the name of Jane Goodall, an extremely well rounded, primatologist of our time. Although this may seemed distant to many, it was actually her calling. At the age of one, Goodall received a stuffed chimpanzee that her father Herbert Goodall gave to her. She named the chimpanzee Jubilee, which she still keeps with her in her home in England. That was the beginning of her curious mind. She opened many eyes on the situation with chimpanzees being harmed inRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Second Child And Maria Branswell S Fifth Child2059 Words   |  9 Pagesup stories and wrote them all down. Since their father was never home, it gave Charlotte Bronte the idea for Jane Eyre to be an orphan since i ts how she felt with her mother dead and a father who is never around. Especially with the events that took place in the boarding school, Charlotte used the events in her life and put the majority of them into one of her well known novel known as Jane Eyre. She was so drawn into her creative world that she began to dwell in the problems of her characters. SoRead More The Bildungsroman Genre Essay4241 Words   |  17 Pagesfiction in the last two centuries has taken this form and, therefore, constitute part of the history of the novel in the world. Great Expectations (1860-1861), written by the English author Charles Dickens, and Emma (1926), by another English author, Jane Austen, can be analysed under this perspective. Througout Dickens’ novel, Pip, the main character, goes through many changes in his personality to eventually coming to terms with his own actions. Austen’s novel deals with a female character, Emma,Read MoreWomen in The 16th Century Essay1082 Words   |  5 Pages(â€Å"Documents for Chapters 56†). In the 16th century, women were looked upon as a gender that should stay in the house and work, not have power and rule over a country. Discussing the govern of Queens during the 16th century, such as Mary Tudor, Lady Jane Grey, Mary, Queen of Scots, and Elizabeth I, allowed prejudices to be lessened but never completely be erased. No matter how these four notable ladies came into power, the accomplishments they overcame, achieved and wrote about proved to be great andRead MoreRegency Gentlemen Amusements Essay715 Words   |  3 Pagesof the gently born participated. In the mid-1700s, Jack Broughton completed the first set of rules to be used at bouts in his club. Not counting cock fighting, these rules were the first applied to sporting events in modern history (GI). Regency violence was personified by the Fancy, followers of the bare-knuckle boxing championships. The fights captured the interest of many, and were frequently viewed by crowds between 3,000 and 10,000 people (Channel4). The drawn-outRead MoreJane Dares Health record Abbrev.872 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Instructions Complete the medical abbreviations chart. (Note that the medical abbreviations are the same as those highlighted in yellow in Jane Dare’s Health Record). In the second column, list what each of the individual letters in the abbreviation represents. In the third column define the context or meaning of the term that the abbreviation represents. Use simple terms. Finally, in the far right column, identify the source document. For example,  face sheet, discharge summary, progress notesRead MoreThe Legacy Of Rape, By Nancy Toping Bazins And Jane Harmovit Lauters Philosophy Of Domination1502 Words   |  7 PagesTo explore the legacy of rape as a tool in war Nancy Toping Bazin’s and Jane Harmovit Lauter’s philosophy of domination is important to know. The philosophy of domination is the underpinning of all patriarchal institutions from domestic institutions, to government, and the military. Another usefully theory is one succinctly described by Katrina Lee Koo in â €Å"Confronting a Disciplinary Blindness: Women, War and Rape in the International Politics of Security†. Koo says, â€Å"the nation, the state, alliesRead MoreGeneration X, By Megan Johnson And Larry Johnson Essay799 Words   |  4 Pagespatience as marketers decide whether or not if the consumer wants his or her assistance of whether or not to purchase a product and/or service (p. 152). ï‚ § Managing the Multi-Generational Workforce: From the GI Generation to the Millennials by Robert G. Delcampo, Lauren A. Haggerty, Meredith Jane Haney, and Lauren Ashley Knippel Chapter Six: Organizational Structure, Culture, and Training and Chapter Seven: Recruitment and Retention Tactics To create an effective and efficient workplace environment

financial Accounting of McKenzie and Associates Accounting Company

Question: Discuss about the McKenzie and Associates Accounting Company. Answer: Thank you for your acceptance and trusting of our professional accounting service. McKenzie and Associates Accounting Company is proud of have you as our esteem customer, we trust that we will continue collaborating as we share both professionalisms in accounting and you excellent success. We are motivated by your response and coming back seeking new advice concerning accounting activities and operations that are relevant to you reputable organization. Therefore, we feel proud and honor to be your trusted accounting adviser. McKenzie and Associates Accounting Company has been in operation for the last ten years providing accounting advice to many companies around the world, what keeps us going on with our services is the fact that those companies are able to implement on our advice and they end up realizing better fruits out of their financial operations. Our main aim is to ensure that we advise our clients based on the financial controls, measures, and process as we respect the poli cies that are stated and inaugurated by the board of director and financial departments. We understand the financial operations and challenges that affect many organization, especially Pewter Ltd. Lack of implementing the stated policies and the financial measure could lead to financial challenges. The role of accounting and finance department to ensure that all policies and measure inaugurated by them and top management are well implemented and utilize in order to reduce and provide solution to the financial fatal financial activities. However, we have it is our role to help the organizational management to eradicate on the measures that are irrelevant to the company. Advice concerning the Warranty expense Warranty is the agreement made to the products by the manufacturer that the repair and replacement of the product will be done without any cost incurred by the consumer; period for warranty is usually stated. It is the responsibility of the manufacturer to state the warranty period and provides the conditions that will be acceptable to repair or replace the products purchased by the consumer. The total of warranty expense is limited by the period of warranty that the business organization is typically allowing. The company normally incurs warranty expenses when sales are made. When the manufacturer makes some sales, it has the obligation to repair and replace the products. It is important for Pewter Ltd to provide warranty services to the clients; this will allow the company to gain trust and loyalty from the customers. Consequently, the company is recommended not to force customers to pay for the shipping and transport cost that will exceed the price of the product. Pewter Ltd is board of management is advice not to enter into extended warranties or service contract, they may force the company to incur a lot of costs, and thus reducing the profitability of the company. AASBs Act 137 states that the company that provides extended services to the client may become bankrupt at its early stage since a lot of costs are incurred to that product, which is not faulty. The act indicates that not all products are breaking on the time covered by the warranty period some clients may demand extra service to the product forcing the company to incur cost that will increase the company expense and liabilities(AASB C.A.S, 2014). The company is advice to describe consumer warranty protection by stating clearly that it provides extended warranty service under the cost paid by the consumers. While striving towards realizing profitability making approaches, Pewter Ltd is advice to recognize the impact of warranty expense to the financial statements. It is important for the company to recognize the all variance expense that contributes to the warranty expense. The current agreement made by the board of management on warranty expense should be revised since it will mislead the company from the recording company general expense, therefore, influencing the profitability approach for the company(Lee Vetter, 2015). Pewter Ltd is advice to recognize all the variance that contribute, the variance warranty expense should be treated as the accrual expense since they accrue before they are released or incurred by the company. The company should record these expenses at the same period when the related product sales are made and recorded by the sales department, this process of recording expense is called the matching principle, where all the expenses relating to sales are recognized during the time of reporting the revenues from the sale transactions(Camilleri, E Camilleri, 2017). The Pewter Ltd Company is advice to specify the number of damages to its products within certain number of days. The company should reasonably estimate the amount of warranty claims that are likely to arise under the policy; the estimated amount should accrue the expense that reflects the anticipated claims. Corporations Act 2001 (Corporations Act) and the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 (ASIC Act) contains information that relates to the license of extended warranties to the products manufactured by a company. The act states that companies that provide the extended warranties are providing additional coverage to the existing warranties, and thus incurring high cost compared to the normal warranted limited by the warranty period(Baker, et al., 2017). Advice concerning retail company operations Retail operations are currently considered as the business process that allows the company to increase its profitability making. Companies involved in retail services are in a better position to gain competitive advantage over the specified marketplace. Pewter Ltd Company is advocated to understand the business activities that suits the retail activities; the company is also mandated to estimate the issues that will arise because of involving itself in retail services(Evans Weil, 2017). Competitive advantage to a company is derived from the major business factor that defines the firm success. The business competitive advantage is gained by a business that provides excellence services and products to its clients, it is also gained when the company is able to meet the consumers demands in the market. Retail services are what is considered as the best preference of gaining competitive advantage in the market, retail servicing allows the company to segment its market as it ensures products are well distributed in the market. Pewter Ltd Company is operating in a devised market that every company is operating with an aim of increasing its market share. The company is advice to increase its retailing service within the market, this will allow the company to dominate the supply chain of the product in the market it operates. CORPORATIONS ACT 2001 - SECT 761G state about the retail services to client in relation to the financial products. It is clear that the retailers are primarily creating a platform that links the company and the consumer(Goodman, n.d.) Pewter Ltd Company is mandated to shape the products demand structures in the market by involving its self in retail services. Raggio stated that retailing is also a marketing strategy that needs to be adopted by a business organization. Pewter Ltd Company is recommended to encourage retailers to keep own setting aside more sections that will be used to exhibit different product, this will improve on customer experience. The customer should be allowed to choose and compare the variety of products displayed in one retail shop. However, the company can improve on customer experience by allowing customers to compare their old products with the new one, some customer may prefer to purchase the old product because of some factors such as durability, efficiency, and price. Based on the emailed we receive, the Pewter Ltd Company is encouraged to continue working with the retailers they have entered into agreement with if they can increase the number it could also better. Pewter Ltd Company is advice to state the number of retailers and their areas of operation in relation to the revenue they report to the company at every time they made products sales. Sometimes some of the retailers are just enjoying the exhibition fee they are paid and that they cannot even make target of product sales in each quarter, the payment fee that was to be paid should be treated as an income to the company and not expense. The company is advice to ensure that the $600 fee they pay for exhibition fee reduces the number of the retailers increases this will increase the company revenue. Auditing is an important strategic management approach that allows business organizations to realize their progress in terms of their performance. Pewter Ltd Company has allowed retailers to transfer the revenue to them after deducting the exhibition fee. The company should conduct an audit practice to the stores, this will allow them to realize the sales before the end of quarter. The Pewter Ltd Company is encouraged to recognize sales based on the principles provided by the International Financial Reporting Standards, the principles state that revenues should be recognized when the sales are made. Therefore, the company is recommended to receive revenues at the end of each quarter when the sales have been made and not before sales are made. It is important for the company to understand that recognizing the value of sales at the beginning of each quarter will eventually affect the financial statements of the company. Adjustments to be made when sales are not made are considered as irrelevant approach of recording transactions, adjustments are only recommended when errors and mistakes are found in company records(Gimbar, et al., 2016). However, Pewter Ltd Company is advice not to record all the reversed products with the incoming inventory. The processing cost of both incoming and reversed product is very much different, the processing cost of producing the products may not be same due to critical factor that may occur during the course of the quarter. Pricing of product should also be different, this is due to the processing cost material cost and other relevant costs of product. Retailers acts as the link between the company and the consumers, at the beginning of one-quarter, consumers may decide to purchase the products that were revised on the previous quarter The company should consider agreement with the retailers to implementing the inventory measure such as FIFO and LIFO as they make products sales. These inventory measures allow the retailers to determine the price strategy of selling the products to the consumers. Pewter Ltd Company is advice to consider the price strategy as the primary factor that deter mines the purchasing power of the consumers(Lee Vetter, 2015). Pewter Ltd Company is also encouraged to consider the cost of sales as part of doing business. The exhibition fee of $600 should be treated as cost of doing business since they are incurred before sales are made. The net amount received from the stores should be confirmed by conducting audit practice; this will compare the incoming inventory given to the stores with the sales made as well as unsold products(Dunne, et al., 2013). In conclusion, the company is advocated to implement on advices given since it will allow the company to accomplished its strategic goals and objectives. It is our happiness as McKenzie and Associates Accounting Company to be part of the success, we encourage you to implement on our recommendations as they give the platform of reaching out to the market. We will also recommend that you will respond concerning our advices if any clarification is required. Please do confirm that you receive the later through a phone call and email. References Baker, H. K., Filbeck, G. Ricciardi, V., 2017. Financial Behavior: Players, Services, Products, and Markets.. s.l.:Oxford University Press. Balance, B. C., Receipts, T. C. Receipts, F. C., 2015. Cash Management.. s.l.:s.n. Camilleri, E, E. Camilleri, R., 2017. Accounting for Financial Instruments: A Guide to Valuation and Risk Management.. s.l.:Routledge. Cho, Y., 2015. The relationship between resources and market coverage in small local internet retailing. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 43(7), pp. 597-616.. Dunne, P. M., Lusch, R. F. Carver, J. R., 2013. Retailing.. s.l.:Cengage Learning.. Evans, E. A. Weil, R. L., 2017. Serving as a Financial Expert in Litigation. Litigation Services Handbook: The Role of the Financial Expert. s.l.:s.n. Gimbar, C., Hansen, B. Ozlanski, M. E., 2016. The effects of critical audit matter paragraphs and accounting standard precision on auditor liability. In: s.l.:The Accounting Review, pp. 1629-1646.. Goodman, B., n.d. International Business Machines Corporation, 2015. Interactive client computer communication. In: s.l.:U.S. Patent, pp. 124,447. Hayes, R., Wallage, P. Gortemaker, H., 2014. Principles of auditing: an introduction to international standards on auditing.. s.l.:Pearson Higher Ed.. Herda, D. N. Lavelle, J. J., 2015. Client identification and client commitment in a privately held client setting: Unique constructs with opposite effects on auditor objectivity. In: s.l.:Accounting Horizons, pp. 577-601. Jackson, D., 2014. Business graduate performance in oral communication skills and strategies for improvement.. The International Journal of Management Education, 12(1), pp. 22-34. Lefevre, A. F. Chapman, M., 2017. Behavioural economics and financial consumer protection.. s.l.:s.n. Pacter, P., 2017. IASB Corner.. The International Journal of Accounting.. ROGGIO, A., 2015. Small-business Retail Marketing for 2016. PRACTICAL ECOMMERCE. [Online] Available at: https://www.practicalecommerce.com/4-Tips-for-Small-business-Retail-Marketing-for-2016 [Accessed 16 SETP 2016]. Saunders, A. Cornett, M. M., 2014. Financial institutions management. s.l.:McGraw-Hill Education,.. Smith, S., 2017. Strategic Management Accounting: Delivering Value in a Changing Business Environment Through Integrated Reporting.. s.l.:Business Expert Press.. Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D. Kieso, D. E., 2015. Financial Managerial Accounting.. s.l.:John Wiley Sons..

Duties and Responsibilities of Directors

Question: Discuss about the Duties and Responsibilities of Directors. Answer: Introduction Directors are the image of leadership in any company or organisation; they control and manage its activities(Longman, 2003, p. 440). According to s 9 of the Corporations Act 2001, the director of a company is one who is appointed to fill this position or that of an alternate director acting in a similar capacity(Gibson Fraser, 2013, p. 726). This is subject to certain qualifications such as age where they must have attained the age of majority. Additionally, a disqualified person under part 2D.6 of the Act cannot be appointed as a director except by leave of court or permission granted by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). The definition provided in the Corporations Act 2001 is broad enough to encompass directors who may go by other titles or people acting as directors but have not been appointed to the role(Cassidy, 2006, p. 179). In Perkins v Vincy [2001] SASC 362, the defendant had carried out duties as a director despite not having been properly appoint ed as one, based on these facts the court held his as a director. Directors duties in New South Wales, and Australia at large, have greatly evolved over the years. Stemming from the provisions of common law adopted from the UK, they are now incorporated in statute by way of the Corporations Act 2001. The history of these duties, the current provisions and possible future direction while be analysed in the following discussion. The research will also delve into the consequences resulting in a breach of these duties and remedies available to aggrieved parties. This discussion is aimed at evaluating the duties and responsibilities of directors under Australian Corporations Law. An Overview of Directors Duties The duties of directors in Australia are drafted to achieve good governance and ascertain that directors carry out the companys interests above their own(PWC Australia, 2011). They have been categorised, but are not limited to: the duty of care and diligence, the duty to act in good faith, the duty not to use information for personal benefit and the duty not to misuse their position as directors to gain advantage; they are enforced by the ASIC (CCH Australia Ltd, 2011, p. xii). According to Romer J in Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co Ltd [1925] Ch 407, the standard of care in this duty is tested against the actions or inactions of a reasonable man under similar circumstances(Corkery, 1987, p. 133). This duty is encompassed under s 180 of the Act which recognises the duties of directors under common law as well as the business judgment rule. In addition to this test, the size and type of company, the constitution of its board of directors as well as how they distribute their duties should also be considered in the determination of care and diligence employed(Douglas, 2015). Directors duties vary as per their personal skills and qualifications. The breach of the duty of care and diligence constitutes an act of negligence and can be brought to court as such(Douglas, 2015). Although directors are expected to exercise due diligence, the law appreciates that not all decisions will be fruitful; it is for this reason that the business judgement rule exists to pr otect directors from unnecessary prosecution(Latimer, 2012, p. 698). In addition to diligence, directors have a duty to ensure loyalty and good faith as they carry out their duties(Latimer, 2012). This duty emanates from the fiduciary relationship they have with shareholders; they are put in a position of trust to ensure the interests of shareholders are met above theirs, as illustrated in Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver [1967] 2 AC 134(Cassidy, 2006, p. 216). In this case, directors put their interests above those of the company where they purchased property in the companys name without fully informing shareholders in order to gain consent. The court found the directors in breach of their fiduciary duty. Section 181 of the Act expects directors to act in good faith; that is, in a manner geared to ensure the companys interests are met. As such, they should ensure to avoid the compromising situation and to disclose any conflict of interest arising as they conduct their duties(Australina Institute of Company Directors). The concept of proper purpose was established in Mills v Mills [1938] 60 CLR 150 where it was held that the but for test can be applied to determine whether a directors actions were aimed at carrying out the proper purpose(Bartholomeusz, 2015). Megarry V.C. stated that this case illuminated that, where the main purpose of a directors decision was in the best interests of the company than an incidental benefit to the director would be inconsequential(Ritson, p. 634). According to the courts, it is up to the directors to determine what serves as the best interest of the company as seen in Re Smith Fawcett Ltd [1942] Ch 304, however the reasonable mans test is applied to determine the objectivity of these decisions(Cassidy, 2006, p. 217). In New South Wales, this was illustrated in Winthrop Investments Ltd v Winns Ltd(1975) NSW, the Court of Appeal held that a general meeting of the companys shareholders, having been fully informed of the facts, would endorse an execution of directors powers where it would otherwise constitute a breach of their fiduciary duty; and may give future authority to execute similar authority if it is in the companys best interests provided honesty and full disclosure is employed(FindLaw Australia). Directors, therefore, have a duty to ensure they are driven by the interests of the company and employ honesty and reasonableness in making their decisions. The duty not to use their position for personal gain ties in with the aforementioned fiduciary duty. Section 182 of the Act provides that a director, who conducts themselves in a manner that would be of advantage to them or disadvantage to the company is in breach of their managerial duties despite the result of said conduct or decision. Where a director discovers they have any material interest that would compromise the above-mentioned duty, they should disclose their conflicting interest to the company as per s 191 of the Act. Additionally, directors are obliged to ensure they do not use any information they acquire as a result of their position to their own advantage or that of another at the detriment of the company. This duty is placed on them by s 183 of the Act and is applicable even after they exit the company; breach attracts a civil penalty. Directors are also tasked with ensuring that they prevent insolvent trading; that is ensuring the company does not trade while insolvent or where it seems it may be insolvent(AICD, 2013). Failure to prevent the company from taking up debt amounts to a breach of duty if it is discovered that they, directors, were aware of the companys possible insolvency (Tunstall, 2017). This provision is found under s 588G (1) and (2). Additionally, directors are tasked with ensuring financial records and financial reporting is up to date as per the provisions of s 344 of the Act. The Evolution of Directors Duties and Responsibilities Modern Australian corporations law, which encompasses the duties and responsibilities of directors, has its roots in the developments of company law in England in 1825(Bathurst, 2013). The Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 made directors liable if they paid out dividends during insolvency; most contributions, however, were by way of case law. The fiduciary duties of directors to their companies were first established in the early twentieth century(Bathurst, 2013). Isaacs J, in Australian Metropolitan Life Insurance Co Ltd v Ure (1923) 33 CLR 199 at 217, refers to evidence in case law of the earlier recognitions of these duties. In 1925, Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co Ltd [1925] Ch 407 directors duty to execute their activities by employing due care and diligence in their activities was recognised; as aforementioned, this is tested against the act or omission of a reasonable man under the same circumstances. According to the court, the standard of care employed, while including the reasonable mans test should also pay regard to the nature of the companys business as well as the directors qualifications and experiences in their line of duty. Additionally, it is important to note that directors are free to delegate certain duties to other company officials. Where they delegate, directors should ensure these duties are performed with utmost honesty and diligence. Although not the first case, Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co Ltd is commonly recognised as the case illustrating the duty of care expected of company directors(Bathurst, 2013). All the aforementioned principles, although still largely aspects of common law are today encompassed in the Corporations Act 2001 and have thus become statutory duties that carry with them penalties as well as a possible criminal liability that could result in incarceration. Directors Duties in Public and Proprietary Companies It is important to note that although the general duties of directors are similar among both proprietary and public companies, the law places stricter responsibilities on public companies which are required to be more transparent. Failure to comply with the duties and responsibilities set aside for public companies can lead to delisting and as such directors are expected to be more diligent. An example is found in s 674 of the Act which obliges directors of public listed companies to disclose any information that would affect the value of their securities as per the listing rules failure to which constitutes an offence. On the other hand, s 188 of the Act places certain corporate social responsibility duties on company secretaries and it is the duty of directors in proprietary companies to ensure they are carried by the company secretary. .However, the basic duties remain the same in both types of companies. Consequences and Remedies for Breach of Duty The failure of company directors to comply with their duties has serious consequences, which may include a 5-year jail term, criminal and civil penalties or fines of up to $200,000, dismissal as manager as well as the possible personal liability of the directors found in offence(Moroney, 2016). When winding up a company, either by court order or voluntarily, the companys administrator in charge of the liquidation process can lead actions against the directors found in breach of their duties and have them found personally liable. ASIC as the body in charge of enforcing directors duties can conduct investigations where it receives any reports of a possible breach and commence criminal proceedings thereafter(Moroney, 2016). The courts, where a breach has been identified, can offer the following remedies: and injunction, damages, restoration of company property, rescission, an account of profits and summary dismissal(FindLaw Australia). The Future of Directors Duties in Australia Directors duties over the years have evolved with the times and it is expected that as the corporate industry evolves these duties will continue to evolve as well to accommodate these changes. Just as the modern idea of corporation in Australia emerged from the early Crown monopolies so is it expected that current company law, and the duties of directors today will influence the future ideas of directors duties. The future of Australian company directors will be characterised by a dynamic legal environment greatly influenced by the concepts of globalisation and technology. However, amidst the ever-changing corporate industry, the core principles of directors duties emanating from common law should not be set aside. Conclusion As aforementioned, directors play an important role in ensuring good corporate governance. Directors duties have evolved over the years from common law provisions to statutory duties. At common law, directors are generally expected to act in good faith, exercise diligence, act in the best interests of the company and disclose any possible conflicts of interest. It is clear from the discussion above that these common law duties are the same which have been adopted into statute by way of the Corporations Act 2001. The Act tasks directors with ensuring they carry out these duties, among others, and creates consequences by way of penalties, fines and possible incarceration to ensure adherence. Where a director breaches the duties bestowed on him, courts can award various remedies such as injunctions, damages, an account of profits, and restitution of property as well as rescission of contracts. As the corporate industry evolves it is expected that these duties will evolve as well to acco mmodate these changes. References AICD. (2013, January). General Duties of Directors. Retrieved from Australian Institute of Company Directors: https://aicd.companydirectors.com.au/resources/all-sectors/roles-duties-and-responsibilities/general-duties-of-directors Australian Institute of Company Directors. (n.d.). What are the duties of Directors? Retrieved from Company Directors: https://www.companydirectors.com.au/~/media/resources/members/pdf/what-are-the-duties-of-directors.ashx Bartholomeusz, S. (2015, January 27). Directors Duties in Focus- Duty not to Act for an Improper Purpose. Retrieved from You Legal: https://youlegal.com.au/directors-duties-in-focus-improper-purpose/ Bathurst, T. F. (2013, September 3). "The Historical Development of Corporations Law". Retrieved from Supreme Court Justice NSW: https://www.supremecourt.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Publications/Speeches/Pre-2015%20Speeches/Bathurst/bathurst_20130903.pdf Cassidy, J. (2006). Concise Corporations Law. Sydney: Federation Press. CCH Australia Ltd. (2011). Australian Corporations Securities Legislation: Corporations Act 2001, ASIC Act 2001, related regulations. Wolter Kluwer Group. Corkery, J. F. (1987). Directors' Duties of Care, Skill and Diligence. In J. F. Corkery, Directors' Powers and Duties (pp. 131-144). Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. Douglas, J. (2015, August 3). Directors' duty of care and diligence. Retrieved from Legal Vision: https://legalvision.com.au/directors-duty-of-care-and-diligence/ FindLaw Australia. (n.d.). Effects of Breaching Directors' Duties. Retrieved from Find Law Australia: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/189/effects-of-breaching-directors-duties.aspx Gibson, A., Fraser, D. (2013). Business Law 2014. NSW: Pearson Higher Education AU. Latimer, P. (2012). Australian Business Law. Sydney: CCH Australia Ltd. Longman. (2003). Dictionary of Contemporary English. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Mills v Mills, 150 (60 CLR [1938]). Moroney, L. (2016, April 27). Consequences for Breaching Directors Duties. Retrieved from Legal Vision: https://legalvision.com.au/consequences-for-breaching-directors-duties/ Perkins v Vincy, 362 (SASC [2001]). PWC Australia. (2011). A Guide to Directors' Duties and Responsibilities for non-listed public companies in Australia. Retrieved from PricewaterhouseCoopers: https://etraining.communitydoor.org.au/pluginfile.php/608/course/section/95/GuideDirectors_Apr08.pdf Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co, 407 (Ch [1967]). Re Smith Fawcett Ltd, 304 (Ch [1942]). Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver, 134 (2 AC [1967]). Ritson, L. (n.d.). The "Proper Purposes" Duty of Directors and Defensive Measure Against Company Takeovers. Sydney Law Review, 627-638. Tunstall, I. (2017). Directors duty to prevent insolvent trading. Retrieved from FindLaw Australia: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/616/directors-duty-to-prevent-insolvent-trading.aspx Winthrop Investments Ltd v Winns Ltd, 666 (2 NSWLR [1975]).

Education System in Nigeria and Kenya Compared Essay Example

Education System in Nigeria and Kenya Compared Essay TASK Write a well documented paper on the education system with specific reference to: brief background, aims/goals of education,thestructureoftheeducation system, administration, financing,teachingprofession,challengesand lessons Kenya would learn or borrow. Choose one of these countries Nigeria, Australia, Canada, or China. Background of Nigeria Education Nigeria education has evolved through a number of phases. The education system in Nigeria has been formed by a number of influences, the colonial influence, the influence of the military rule in Nigeria and then the impact of independence and a new constitution. The progress of education in the southern states of Nigeria reveals the involvement of the Christian missionaries towards the education system in Nigeria during the colonial period. Nigeria education was slowly but soundly developing during the colonial time until the conclusion of World War II. The Christian missionaries introduced the western education system in Nigeria in the mid nineteenth century. Three fundamentally distinct education systems existed in Nigeria in 1990. They were, the indigenous system, the Quranic schools, and formal European-style educational institutions. Higher Education in Nigeria originated with the colonial government launching the Yaba higher college. Education in Nigeria became the responsibility of the state and local councils according to the 1979 constitution. First six years of primary education was made mandatory, which was a significant factor in the development of education in Nigeria. There has been a noticeable upgrading of educational facilities in Nigeria in the latest years. The apparent rate for adult illiteracy in the year 2000 is 35.9%. The Structure of Nigeria Education System The local and state governments manage primary and secondary education in Nigeria. Higher education is the responsibility of both the federal and the state governments. We will write a custom essay sample on Education System in Nigeria and Kenya Compared specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Education System in Nigeria and Kenya Compared specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Education System in Nigeria and Kenya Compared specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Education is free but not compulsory at present in Nigeria. The formal education system includes six years of primary school, three years of junior secondary school, three years of senior secondary school, and four years of university education consequently directing towards a bachelors level degree in the majority of the subjects. The annual term of school in Nigeria stretch through ten months, and is sectioned into three ten to twelve weeks periods each at the pre-primary, primary, junior and senior secondary stages. Nigeria Education includes a significant stage of language education. Primary education in Nigeria starts in the native language but brings in English in the third year. Administration and Organization of Education System The current administrative system is divided into the Federal Capital Territory and 36 states. The management of education in Nigeria is based on this federal system, so that while basic educational policy regarding structure, curriculum and school year is centrally determined, some powers over educational delivery are devolved to state and local government. In effect, education is administered by three branches of government: primary education is under the control of local governments, secondary schools fall under the jurisdiction of the state government and higher education is administered by both the federal and state government. Administrative Bodies and Agencies * The Federal Ministry of Education, through the National Council of Education (NCE), coordinates education policies and procedures through the federation. * The Joint Consultative Committee (JCC) is an independent body of professional educators acting in an advisory capacity to both the federal and state ministries of education, universities, institutes of education and other education agencies. * The National Universities Commission (NUC) operates under the Federal Ministry of Education and is mandated to approve programmes, to monitor universities and to accredit programmes. The NUC provides a full listing of recognised federal, state and private universities in Nigeria. * The National Examinations Council?   (NECO) is responsible for conducting the Junior and Senior School Certificate Examination (SSCE), as is the West African Examination Council (WAEC). * The National Business and Technical Examinations Board (NABTEB) conducts the National Technical Certificate (NTC)/National Business Certificate (NBC) examinations, as well as the advanced level versions of these exams in a number of trades/discipline such as engineering and construction. * The National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) has responsibility for the establishment of minimum standards in polytechnics, technical colleges and other technical institutions in the Federation. In addition to providing standardised minimum guide curricula for technical and vocational education and training. The NBTE supervises and regulates, through an accreditation process, the programmes offered by technical institutions at secondary and post-secondary levels. It is also involved with the funding of polytechnics owned by the Government of the Federation of Nigeria. The NBTE provides a full listing of approved polytechnics and technical colleges in Nigeria. * The National Commission for Colleges and Education co-ordinates all aspects of non-degree teacher education in Nigeria. * The Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) conducts the Matriculation Examination for entry into all universities, polytechnics and colleges of education in Nigeria. * The National Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC) was established in 1972 to encourage, promote and coordinate educational research programmes in Nigeria. This agency provides significant data on educational problems within Nigeria and its work underpins the reform agenda nationally. The Federal Ministry of Education owns and runs universities, polytechnics, technical colleges, colleges of education and secondary schools. The remaining tertiary institutions are owned and funded by state governments, while other secondary schools are owned and funded by state governments, communities and private organizations.The administration and management of state government-owned secondary schools falls under the remit of state Ministries of Education. The administration of public primary schools falls under the local education authorities. Aims/Goals of Education in Nigeria The purpose of education refers to the aims, goals and objectives of education. Abimbola (1993), while clarifying curriculum aims, goals and objectives, cited Zais (1976) who proposed the use of purposes as targets because he, (Zais) is of the opinion that aims, goals and objectives are purposes at differing target distances and levels of specifity. Aims are the expression of purpose at the highest level such as the national level which can only be achieved in a distant future after the child has passed out of school. Aims according to Broudy (1971), are statements that describe expected life outcomes based on some value schemes either consciously or unconsciously borrowed from philosophy (p. 306). Aims are not related directly to school or classroom outcomes. Goals and Objectives are educational purposes directly related to school and classroom outcomes respectively. Goals are expression of purposes specified for achievement at each level of education. When the purpose of education for a country is being discussed, the term aim of education may be used. Purpose of Education in Nigeria The purpose of education in Nigeria includes unparalleled development of science and its application to industry and technology for better living. The National Policy on Education spells out the purpose of Education in Nigeria as an Instrument par excellence for effecting national development; to use education as a tool to achieve its national objectives; to make such education relevant to the needs of the individual and set its goal in terms of the kind of society desired in relation to the environment and realities of the modern world and rapid social changes (p. iv).In section 1, (p. 7) of the National Policy on Education,the observation is made that since the national policy on education is geared toward achieving that part of its national objectives that can be achieved using education as a tool, no policy on education ban be formulated without first identifying the whole philosophy and objectives of the nation. Reference is therefore made to the five main national objectives of Nigeria already stated in the National Development plan and endorsed as the necessary foundation for the National Policy on Education. These are the building of: a free and democratic society; a just and egalitarian society; a united, strong and self-reliant nation;a great and dynamic economy and a land of bright and full opportunities for citizens The implication of this is that the Nigeria Philosophy of Education according to Adeyinka (1992) is based on: The integration of the individual into a sound and effective citizen; and Equal education opportunities at all levels, both within and outside the formal school system. For the philosophy to be in harmony with Nigerias national objective, it has to be geared towards the values, aims and objectives stated at the National curriculum conference of 1969 and specifically stated in the National Policy on Education as the General Objectives of Education in Nigeria which are as follows: (a) The inculcation of the right type of values and attitudes for the survival of the individual and of society. This is an objective which can concern mainly the affective domain; (b) The inculcation of national consciousness and national unity. This is also an objective mainly in the affective domain; (c) The training of the mind in the understanding of the world around. This is aimed at developing the intellectual aspect of human beings. (d) The acquisition of appropriate skills, abilities and competencies both mental and physical as equipment for the individual to live and contribute to the development of his society. This objective is aimed at developing the intellectual, affective and psychomotor domains of human nature simultaneously. This is why education should be seen as aiming to develop all aspects of human persons simultaneously. Aims of Education in Nigeria Nigeria has been classified over the years among the developing nations of the world. That is, among those nations that are not as technologically advanced as Europe, United States of America and the Russia. These Countries are known to be largely illiterate and poor. They lack medical facilities especially when compared with the technologically advanced countries. The aims of education in these countries will be how to eradicate these problems. The aim of education in developing countries has been summarized by Adeyinka and Kolawde (1995) as follows: 1. Learning to live according to the old traditions of the people (society). 2. Learning to live according to the traditions of other countries in order to imbibe their religion, their culture and their social life. 3.Learning to live modern life of technologically advanced countries. Nigeria, Ghana, Uganda, Kenya and Lesotho, all in Africa, have a common trend. All of them were colonies under European countries which became independent after serving their masters for a number of years. These countries and some others have been striving for a stable government, dynamic economy and education that can deliver the goods. This is the root of the aims of education in developing countries stated below: 1. To promote national unity and international understanding; 2. To remove social inequalities, poverty, high-way robbery, hunger, diseases, squalor; illiteracy, ignorance, superstition, pride and fear; 3. To provide individual happiness and pleasure, self- realization, public morality and aesthetic development; 4. To train for good citizenship, health improvement, vocational competence, industrial and commercial developments and adult literacy; 5. To produce adequate manpower for economic development so that there could be less dependence on expatriates; 6. To create a society with high moral standards; 7. To eradicate the problem of economic and technological dependence on the advanced countries of the world; and 8. To promote public enlightenment and civilized behavior. (Adeyinka, et al; 1995) Financing of Education in Nigeria Financing of basic education All three tiers of government†federal, state, and local†fund primary education. Federal and state governments: Capital expenditures (buildings, books, and furniture) come from the federal and state governmentsâ„ ¢ share of the Federation Account.The Federation Account holds all federally collected revenues. The funds are divided among the three tiers of government according to a formula determined by the NationalAssembly. Some of the funds in this account accrue from government-owned mineral resources, a set percentage (13%) of which is returned to the states, apportioned on the basis of the statesâ„ ¢ original contributions. Thereafter, 15% of VAT revenues are distributed to the federal government, 50% to state governments, and 35% to local governments. Of the funds remaining within the Federation Account, 54.7% goes to the federal government, 24.7% to state governments, and 20.6% to local governments.State governments also pay the recurrent costs for managing State Primary Education Boards (SPEBs), Local Government Education Authorities (LGEAs), and primary schools. Local governments: The local governmentsâ„ ¢ 20.6% share of the Federation Account results in two types of local funding for education. First, at the state level, a percentage of the local share (a first charge) is set aside for primary school teachersâ„ ¢ salaries and allowances. Local governments may then use a part of what remains for direct assistance to primary schools. They also contribute own-source revenues to primary education. Financing Higher Education. Higher education relates to all forms of post-secondary education such as the Universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of Education, Monotechnics and Professional schools (Abdu 2003). Oghenekohwo (2004) classified the funding of higher education into two regimes namely: Pre-deregulation regime Deregulation regime In the pre-deregulation regime, higher education funding in Nigeria was done by government or public funding alone. High priority was accorded to funding higher education, thereby creating a wrong impression amongst Nigerians that funding of higher education is the exclusive preserve of governments. On the other hand in the deregulation regime, which is mostly a post Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) inevitability, things began to change. The benefits of the acquisition of any higher education programme now went largely to the individual as a private good for which beneficiaries and their families should pay.In the submission of Okebukola (2003), he noted that an additional concomitant of the private good is that, grants have been changed to loans, pacing major burdens on many university graduates. The financing of education should be the function of all the major stakeholders. This is because government alone cannot fund higher education. There are many stakeholders involved in the success of any educational system. The major stakeholders include the governments, educational institutions, parents/guardians and the private sector that employs the output of these institutions. Others include the students and the society in general. In private institutions, the incidence lies mostly on the individual while for the public sector ownership it lays on the public sector. The benefits of higher education should be identified. Some studies argued that education service should be above market forces and therefore should be provided free meaning that government should bear the cost of education so that the poor in the society can also get education. Other studies believed that not all levels of education ensures equity but rather there is higher private returns in higher education and as such individuals should be made to bear the cost of their higher education (Psacharopolous, 1996), while funding by the government should be limited to the basic education alone. Teaching Profession in Nigeria. In the past, to teach in primary school a person needed a Teacher Certificate Grade II (TCGDII) from four years of secondary school at a Grade II Teacher-training college. These were phased out after 1998, when the Nigerian Certificate of Education (NCE) became the required diploma for all primary and junior secondary school teachers. In 1996, out of approximately 420,000 primary school teachers in the country, about 80 percent had either the NCE or TCGDII (equally divided between the two). The government created the National Teachers Institute (NTI) in 1978 to conduct programs that would upgrade teacher qualifications to the NCE level, with most of this training carried out by distance learning. Between 1993 and 1996, the NTI graduated 34,486 in their NCE distance learning programs. In 2000, it trained 20,000 teachers. A Bachelor of Education program with NTI received approval by the government at the end of 2000. NTI also conducts workshops and conferences on curriculum development and in other areas of teacher training. To teach in senior secondary schools a person must have either a bachelors degree in education or a bachelors degree in a subject field combined with a postgraduate diploma in education. The faculty in senior secondary schools are among the best qualified in the country, almost all holding bachelors degree. A few teachers possess the NCE. The bachelors degree programs in education are offered at major teacher universities. Of the 63 colleges of education offering the three-year NCE program, about a third are owned by the federal government, and about half by state governments. The remaining are privately owned. All are under the supervision of the National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE), which sets and maintains standards and approves of courses and programs for all universities in Nigeria. To teach at Nigerian universities, teachers must have qualifications that are similar to professors at U.S. and European universities, usually a doctorate. At the university level, the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) represents university faculty, and the Senior Staff Association of Nigerian Universities (SSANU) bargains for the senior non-academic workers. The Academic Staff Unions of Polytechnics (ASUP) represents polytechnic faculty members. These unions are very active. The major teacher organization representing primary and secondary school teachers is the Nigeria Union of Teachers. Although it is very active, NUT has been unable to change the unsatisfactory conditions under which teachers work. Another major concern of teachers is salary. Not only is payment often incomplete, but the salaries are low. Salaries are set by the local, state, and federal governments, depending on which level controls the institution.. Challenges of Education in Nigeria Education is the bedrock of development. But unfortunately education in Nigeria is bisected with myriads of problems. These include: Poor Preparation and Malpractices: Experts in the education sector have been able to identify examination malpractices with poor preparation of students for an examination, and lack of self confidence. In view of the rising costs of education students and even their parents will not ordinarily want to be held back by any form of deficit or failure in any of the required subjects hence will go to any length to ensure success.In some cases, some teachers at the secondary school level are involved by way of encouraging students to contribute money in order to secure the needed assistance during such examinations because they, the teachers are left with no other alternative considering the fact that they are aware of the inadequate preparation of their students as well as the lack of facilities to get them properly prepared before examination. Exploitation and Educational Standard:A close assessment of activities in schools have revealed that, students are made to suffer undue amount of exploitation by school heads at both private and public schools in the name of enrolment fees and assurance of success in their examination and this they do in collaboration with the ministry officials who are suppose to inspect and monitor activities in schools to ensure standard compliance. Despite the fact that most of the schools lack basic learning facilities and a complete set of teachers. In like manner, students are being surcharged in a number of ways in tertiary institutions either in the name of dues that are not accounted for, force purchase of reading and other learning materials at exorbitant rate or on services of which staff are being paid for as assigned responsibility and official provision made by the respective institution. All these lead to lowering of the academic ability of students. Orientation and Educational Standard: In view of the prevalence of examination malpractices and other related irregularities in schools at all levels this day, the interest and habit of reading, procurement of books and other skills development materials has drastically dwindled among a number of students. This trend is also observed to have close relationship with rising sexual promiscuity among students. Poor Parenting /Guidance Parenting, entails caring, protection,guidance, provision of basic needs for a child up keep in order for him or her to be properly equipped to meet with the challenges of life, in accordance with the laws of the land. In desperation, many parents have decided to bring in additional innovation by way of not only involve in encouraging, but also finance activities in and around examination venues to effect malpractices in order to brighten the chances of their children or wards in qualifying examination to higher institutions and some even progress on this act through the tertiary level of education. Poverty and Fall in Standard: Acquisition of Education knowledge is supposed to help us fight against-poverty, ignorance and disease. The process of acquiring this well desired knowledge has gradually turned money spinning venture for many of those in dire need of the knowledge and skill. It is now a source of exploitation from the service seekers with little or no consideration for quality of service rendered and facilities on ground, and made an offer for the highest bidder. A trend which has cut across all levels of education, from nursery school to tertiary institutions. The concept, poverty, refers to a situation and process of serious deprivation or lack of resources and materials necessary for living within a minimum standard conducive for human dignity and well being (NEST, 1992: 16). Admission and being in school today is merely an ability to pay what is demanded in monetary terms by school operators and not on what could be offered academically. And this in essence widens t he scope of poverty prevalence as well as the gap between the rich and the poor which education is designed to bridge. Little wonder why graduates from many of the institutions exhibits ignorance towards societal realities and lack of creativity, due to the inadequacies associated with the learning and training process which is also observed to be partly because many of those that offer this service do so with greed. The Need for Research Development: This research sub-sector that is grossly neglected in Nigeria and play upon indiscriminately is the basis for the socio economic, political, scientific and technological advancement of our most admired developed nations of the world today. Therefore, conscious effort towards qualitative and durable educational system needs to be put in place for posterity in Nigeria. Funding /Constrains: The gross under funding of the educational sector in the country in general and the neglect of the maintenance of the physical facilities. Instructional and living conditions have deteriorated in many of these schools, classrooms, libraries and laboratories are nothing to write home about, all leading to decline in academic standards. Attention must be focused on these areas too if these educational institution are to get out of the woods and this is only possible through adequate funding. Since 1986 when the federal military government introduced the structural adjustment programme SAP, allocation of financial resource started to fall coupled with the consistent decline in the value of local currency till date. Which have also consistently affected the procurement of imported technical and scientific equipments, books, journals and other instructional needs in the educational system. Education system in Nigeria today, needs a total overhauling and restructuring, this reform is required to improve the performance of higher education in the country, the nation entered the 21st century insufficiently prepared to cope or compete in the global economy, where growth will be based even more heavily on technical and scientific knowledge (World Bank 1994). It is also a well known fact that the inadequacies always observed among many undergraduates and graduates alike is as a result of the inadequacies associated with the primary and the secondary education system in Nigeria. Though, the system is expensive to keep afloat, quality however in any form is partly a function of the total fund made available to the system and judiciously utilized for the purpose to which it is meant for. Funds are required and necessary to maintain both the human and material resources of the system in order to achieve desired goals. Also there is the need for an effective monitoring of the management of fund presently being allocated to the sector, as effort should be intensify to improve on what is currently being allocated to the system. Organizational Influence on Educational Standard Many viewers have observed that, most corporate organizations today in the country are fond of employing series of measures which are in effect bias and unproductive. They indulge in an unfair selective judgment on applicants seeking employment opportunity into their establishment, by way of using certificate grades as well as institution attended as prerequisites for interview attendance and recruitment. In some cases, they rather prefer candidates with first class and second class grade certificate and those that attended the first generation universities at the detriment of some others with lesser grade who might be better if given equal opportunity. This is their own way of encouraging irregularities and malpractices in the process of grade acquisition by prospective job seekers, therefore compromising standard and perpetual dependence on the services of foreign expatriates for both medium and high tech services. Lessons for Kenya. It has been said that the criteria for assessing any educational system are: the curriculum of study, the state of infrastructural facilities, the quality of students, the quality and quantity of staff, the competence of leadership, the level of funding and the direction and consistency of policy. In the area of curriculum and policy in Nigeria, the main problem is not with formulation as such but implementation. The implementation of laudable policies has often been hampered by incessant change of government, unstable academic calendars, poor and inadequate facilities, lack of motivation for staff, insecurity of life and property and the unwillingness of the products to make positive contribution to society. In this, Kenya can learn the importance of consistency in implementation of education policies despite changes in political leadership. Also the importance of proper motivation of teachers to ensure efficient and effective curriculum implementation. Failure to adhere to effective curriculum implementation may lead Kenya the Nigerian way i.e. the Nigerian system churns out a morally decadent and intellectually inept child who is a threat to both parents and society. The Nigerian youth are yet to imbibe the right type of values and attitudes. Rather, Nigerian schools and campuses have become breeding grounds for cultism, gangsterism, hooliganism, armed robbery, sexual promiscuity, examination malpractices, and a host of other vices. Instead of producing pragmatic and altruistic students, the Nigerian educational system churns out students who are egoistic, individualistic and escapists who are not interested in solving societys problems. In Nigeria, another area of serious decline is that of staffing. Time has gone when teachers were the best both in character and learning. What we have today is a pathetic story of pathetic teachers producing pathetic citizens. Kenya can learn the critical need of proper vetting of teachers to weed out rogue teachers before they teach wrong doctrine by bad example. A body to do the same needs to be put in place as the TSC seems overwhelmed by its broad mandate. Teacher qualification is another area Kenya can borrow from Nigeria. While in Kenya people with a teaching certificate teach in primary schools, Nigeria is moving to diploma holders at this level. Their tactic of systematic neglect has turned Nigerian educational institutions to an arena of the absurd. Apart from under-paying teachers (which had led to massive brain-drain), the money allocated to education falls kilometers short of the UNESCO recommended 25% of annual budget. The Kenyan primary free education concept can learn the importance of proper funding and the need to follow up to ensure the money ends up in the right use failure to which the poor state of infrastructure and consequent poor performance in public institutions will persist. With the coming into being of county governments in Kenya, the system of financing lower cadres of the education system can be adopted from Nigeria so that the central government concentrates on the higher levels of education financing. Bibliography Abimbola (1993) Guiding Philosophical perspectives U.M.O Ivowi, (Ed.) Curriculum development in Nigeria, (pp. 4-16) Ibadan: Sam Bookman Educational And Communication Services. Zais, R.S. (1976). Curriculum: Principles and foundations. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company. Inc. Broudy, H.S. (1971). The philosophical foundations of educational objectives. In M. Levit (Ed.) Curriculum: Reading in philosophy of education. University of Illinois Press. Adeyinka, A.A. (1992). Book of reading in educational theory and practice in A. Akinyemi, (Ed.) llorin:Institute of Education, University of llorin, llorin, Nigeria Adeyinka, A.A. Kolawole D. (1995). History and philosophy of education. Unpublished Manuscript, Available for the Department of Education Foundations University of llorin, llorin, Nigeria. Abdu, P.S (2003) The Cost and Finance of Education in Nigeria Education Today Quarterly; June, Vol. 10 (1); 12 â€Å" 16 Oghenekohwo, J.E. (2004) Deregulation Policy and Its Implication of the Funding of the University Education in Nigeria in Journal of Research ion Education, Jan June Vol 3 (1) Pg 204-224. Okebukola, P (2003) Issues in Funding University Education in Nigeria. NUC Monograph Series, Abuja, MUC. Psacharopoulos, G. (1984) The Contribution of Education to Economic Growth International Comparisons in J. Kendrick (ed) International Productivity Comparisons and Cause of the Showdown. Cambridge Mass: Ballenger Aina, A.T. and A. T. Salau.1992. The challenge of sustainable Development in Nigeria. Nigerian Environment Study/Action Team (NEST). An NGO report prepared for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, June 1-12, p. 8, 16. World Bank (1994). Higher Education: The Lessons of Experience. Washington D.C: The World Bank. Online sources http://www.rti.org/pubs/Financing_Education_Nigeria.pdf accessed on 26th January 2011 http://www.mapsofworld.com/nigeria/education/ accessed on 26th January 2011

NO IRISH NEED APPLY †History Essay

NO IRISH NEED APPLY – History Essay Free Online Research Papers One of the worst things to happen in the eighteenth century caused by the failure of the potato crop was the Great Potato Famine in Ireland. Potatoes were the food of the poor in Ireland and the entire country depended on them. The cause for the failure was the fungus called the potato blight. Between 1845 and 1850 around an eighth of the population died from the Famine. The Irish were affected so greatly because of rapid population growth. Because there were so many people there were more people who suffered from it. Have you ever wondered why there is so many people of Irish descent on the east coast and how they got hear? Well, most came around the same time period and for the same reason, jobs. Millions of Irish people came here because they heard of how great it is and they had nowhere else to go. Most Irish where catholic and Catholics and were not accepted anywhere else. In Ireland thousands were dieing a day from what we know today as the Great Potato Famine. When they came to America they were treated cruelty because so many of them had come with no money. They were considered bums that didn’t deserve jobs. Thousands of Irish immigrants were treated unfairly and with extreme cruelty. Imagine this Life Imagine you’ve been living off of basically one food for your entire life, every day you farm this food, you eat this food and you sell this food, not much else can grow on the land you live on which isn’t even yours, the owners let u live there if u grow enough food, it’s the same for everyone in your country; than one day your plants start rotting and eventually stop growing at all. You find out your neighbor cant grow any either and that a virus is killing all your plants and everyone else’s plants stop growing too. Pretty soon your landowner kicks you off his land, you have no food and no shelter, and your friends and family start dieing daily. What would you do? The only thing there is to do, get on a boat and sail to America. 1, 2 This was the life of thousands of Irish men and women, when they could no longer grow potatoes they could no longer survive in Ireland. Taking the risk of sailing to America was almost a bigger risk than staying in Ireland. Thousands died on the trip over. They started calling the over packed ship filled with sick men and women â€Å"coffin ships.† They had a choice between staying in Ireland and living longer than most did that went on the ships but surely dieing sooner than the ones that made it to America, or taking the risk of dieing on the ship but living what they thought would be a great life and becoming rich. Most took the second choice. 2 From 1846 to 1855 an estimated 2.1 million men women and children fled Ireland. Out of that 2.1 million people who fled 1.8 million went to North America and 1.5 million of them came to the United States of America. Thousands of the people who ended up in Canada soon made their way to the United States.2 In America The Irish immigrants in the United States were described as â€Å"urban pioneers.† The cities in America with the biggest Irish populations were Boston, Philadelphia, New York, San Francisco and Chicago. By 1860, nearly one fourth of the population in Boston and New York were Irish born. The poorest of the Irish lived on the rim of the cities in small dumpy towns. During the 1850’s at least thirty thousand Irish families were living in basements in cellars in New York City with no light and with their homes slightly flooding. 2 Living in these conditions many of the Irish were catching diseases like pneumonia, yellow fever, and tuberculosis. Irish made up sixty percent of the people living in homeless housing. Because of the suffering these people went through many came down with mental illnesses. In New York fifty percent of the people in insane asylums from 1849 to 1859 were Irish refugees or kids of the Irish refugees. The amount of Irish arrested or in jail was extremely higher than any other group of people. 1 By the 1870’s The Irish were the most publicly underprivileged of the Americans of European descent. The Irish had made bad names for themselves early in their immigration here. Because there were so many of the Irish people they were not liked by the American citizens because they were taking many jobs and homes in the areas.1 Discrimination Discrimination against the Irish Catholics reached its worst when the Know Nothing Movement was made in the 1850’s. This movement tried to keep Catholics from running for office. The Irish Protestants opposed this because with most of the citizens in their town being both Catholic and Irish, they wanted a good chance of having an Irishman in office.1 In some areas riots broke out between rival laborers from different parts of Ireland and American laborers over building jobs. It was not out of the ordinary for the Irish men, women and children to be discriminated against in social events. But it was out of the ordinary for a Catholic to marry a Protestant and was looked down upon in the community. Neither priests nor ministers believed that they should intermarry. Religious schools were created to keep Catholics and Protestants from mixing. These schools kept almost fifty percent of the Irish children and young adults out of public schools. Around 1860 signs were being put up saying â€Å"HELP WANTED- NO IRISH NEED APPLY.† Soon to be called â€Å"the NINA signs.† A song had been written called â€Å"No Irish Need Apply† by John F. Poole and had a huge impact on the Irish and sparked a slight rebellion. They held tight to the jobs they had and refused to let any other immigrant groups or African Americans to work those jobs. 1 The Irish Catholics were stereotyped many times. George Potter (an Irish historian) said the Irish were stereotyped as violent (even among themselves), alcoholics, voted illegally, and relied on violent or criminal gangs. George Potter quoted newspapers from the time: You will scarcely ever find an Irishman dabbling in counterfeit money, or breaking into houses, or swindling; but if there is any fighting to be done, he is very apt to have a hand in it. Even though Pat might meet with a friend and for love knock him down,' noted a Montreal paper, the fighting usually resulted from a sudden excitement, allowing there was but little malice prepense in his whole composition. The Catholic Telegraph of Cincinnati in 1853, saying that the name of Irish has become identified in the minds of many, with almost every species of outlawry, distinguished the Irish vices as not of a deep malignant nature, arising rather from the transient burst of undisciplined passion, like drunk, disorderly, fighting, etc., not like robbery, cheating, swindling, counterfeiting, slandering, calumniating, blasphemy, using obscene language, c.1 They were discriminated against in local newspapers and in various other types of media. The picture to the right was drawn by German cartoonist Thomas Nast and published in an 1876 Harpers Weekly Magazine. The picture is showing bishops in the form of an alligator attacking public schools.1, 5 Religion Another reason the Irish were hated was because of their religions. The Irish were Catholic and even though America was supposed to be free and not segregated or prejudice, there was on exception, Catholics. From the 1820’s through the 1860’s two thirds of the Irish refugees were Catholic, the rest were mostly Protestant. The Protestants obviously not hated against as bad as the Catholics. Irish Catholic is a expression used to say a person is Irish and practices the Roman catholic Religion.3 Southern Irish Families The Irish made up a very small percentage of the southern population, so most of them stuck together in cities like New Orleans. They were not as discriminated against their, they became political leaders in the Democratic Party and supported slavery. Beginning as manual laborers they worked their way up the economic ladder and were granted over the usual financial rank. 1 The religion of the Irish concerned the local southerners very little. The native southerners knew how important they Irish were to the protection of slavery. The Protestant Irish had a big part in the making of the development of this country, the United States of America seal of approval was designed by Charles Thomson, an Irishman. 1 Irish in the Government Irish Catholics became a big part of law enforcement very quickly. In 1855 in New York City, three hundred and five out of one thousand one hundred and forty nine policemen were Irish natives. In 1860 in Chicago forty-nine out of one hundred and seven police were Irish natives. The Irish have been known for being very organized and many of the catholic leaders in the United States of America have been Irish. 1 They have also been known to lead labor unions and the Democratic Party in some regions. Irish men usually voted eighty to ninety-five percent Democratic. In 1928 an Irishman by the name of Al Smith was the first Irish Catholic to run in the presidential elections but lost to Herbert Hoover.1 Closing The Irish suffered more than any other group of immigrants from Europe. They suffered harsh times and had to work hard to gain respect. Even though some Irish were out of hand and violent, many helped shape the country into what it is today. Millions died, thousands went insane, and thousands made it and brought themselves up from nothing. They had to fight to keep their jobs and that is what they did, and even though they wee harassed and hated, they still made it in the end. Bibliography 1) Wikipedia â€Å"Irish American†. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish-American#Catholics 2) Lalor, Brian: The Encyclopedia of Ireland. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. 3) Wikipedia â€Å"Irish Catholics† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Catholic 4) Gorman, Michael: Ireland by the Irish. Galley Press, 1963. 5) Wikipedia â€Å"Thomas Nast†. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nast Research Papers on NO IRISH NEED APPLY - History EssayThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic EngineeringLifes What IfsWhere Wild and West MeetTwilight of the UAWNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeQuebec and CanadaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

Employment Trends in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employment Trends in Canada - Essay Example In between the years 1994 to 1998 about 1 million jobs were created and in 1999 alone more than 391,000 new jobs were created. (Economy Overview, 2001) This rise in the employment rate of the country reflects a profound economic boom in the country. The instrumental factor behind this economic and employment boom was the resurgence of the manufacturing sector and to a more extent, globalization. Globalization lead to the infusion of specialized trade, technological sectors into the country, hence leading to the creation of a serviced based economy. This resulted in the generation of a whole new species of workers, the "knowledge workers". The knowledge workers were people having a college or an university degree and in time proved to be indispensible to the country that was seeking new horizons to modernize itself and expand its economy. Overall till the end of the year 1999 Canada's unemployment rate was down to a low of 7.6% on the average. . (Economy Overview, 2001) What these current trends of employment in Canada brings into the forefront is the rate of growth of employment in the country is a direct effect of globalization with knowledge-based industries and services based economy as the key generators of employment.